1464 Cologne
1466 Basel
1467 Rome
1469 Venice
1470 Paris, Nurnberg, Utrecht
1471 Milan, Naples, Florence
1472 Augsburg
1473 Lyon, Valencia, Budapest
1474 Cracow, Bruges
1475 Lubeck, Breslau
1476 Westminster, Rostock
1478 Geneva, Palermo, Messina
1480 London
1481 Antwerp, Leipzig
1482 Odense
1483 Stockholm
Showing posts with label quantitative. Show all posts
Showing posts with label quantitative. Show all posts
Participant 1 evolution
I wanted to see what other people's evolution of their alphabet looked like compared to mine as I predict different people would have different legibilities as the speed of writing increased. Here is participant 1.
Participant 1 capitols
There is definately a difference between the top (slow) and bottom (quick) letterforms. We can see especially on the A, E, G and Q how the cross strokes have increased. Also the stems and legs of most letterforms have become more curved and less ruler straight.
Participant 1 lowercase (reversed)
Here the participant wrote from quick to slow. I can see that the r has a limited ear. Also the descender height decreases with speed.
There is definately a difference between the top (slow) and bottom (quick) letterforms. We can see especially on the A, E, G and Q how the cross strokes have increased. Also the stems and legs of most letterforms have become more curved and less ruler straight.
Here the participant wrote from quick to slow. I can see that the r has a limited ear. Also the descender height decreases with speed.
My evolution
From the post 'The origins of abc' I tried to see how my personal alphabet changed with speed. By doing this I can directly see how the alphabet as a whole evolved from the letter A being drawn as an Ox to the mark we recognise it as today.
As outlined in my previous post, it suggestes writing the alphabet at different speeds. Starting with your most orecise handwriting and getting as fast as you can.
Capital lettered alphabet
When I wrote the alphabet in capital letters the difference is quite hard to see. There is clearly a change as I speed up that rate I write, but it is pretty minor.
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
When I wrote this sentence (which contains all the letterforms in our alphabet) you can clearly see a change, my letters get more joined up and less legible. I can see how the alphabet evolved from more complex images to the quite simple marks we use today.
As outlined in my previous post, it suggestes writing the alphabet at different speeds. Starting with your most orecise handwriting and getting as fast as you can.
When I wrote the alphabet in capital letters the difference is quite hard to see. There is clearly a change as I speed up that rate I write, but it is pretty minor.
When I wrote this sentence (which contains all the letterforms in our alphabet) you can clearly see a change, my letters get more joined up and less legible. I can see how the alphabet evolved from more complex images to the quite simple marks we use today.
Printing timeline
Pre 15,000 B.C. - Prehistoric man first painted art on the walls of his caves in what is now northern France and Southern Spain.
5,000 B.C. - The earliest Babylonian writings appeared.
3,500 B.C. - Papyrus came into use as a writing surface.
3,000 B.C. - Clay stamps were used to validate written messages. Clay tablets were also used as a writing surface.
750 B.C. - Greek inscriptions were carved into stone slabs with a hammer and chisel.
200 B.C. - A method of refining parchment from sheepskin was discovered - supposedly by the King of Pergamum. The name "parchment" is derived from "Pergamum."
105 A.D. - Ts’ai Lun, a Chinese monk, announced the invention of paper to Emperor Chien Ch’u. The first paper was made from mulberry and other barks, fish nets, hemp and rags.
400 A.D. - True ink was invented from lamp-black and used in China for brush writing and later for woodblock printing.
450 A.D. - Seals were printed with true ink. This was the first instance of actual printing with an incised stamp upon paper.
650 A.D. - The Chinese Buddhist monks first experimented with the duplication of images by rubbings, charm blocks and stencils. This was the forerunner of the true block printing of the 9th century.
868 A.D. - The Diamond Sutra, the first printed book, was printed. It is a roll sixteen feet in length and was the original form of Chinese book printing.
1035 A.D. - Waste paper was first repulped and used as a material for papermaking. The birth of recycling.
1041 A.D. - Movable type was invented in China by Pi Sheng, but because the Chinese characters did not lend themselves to the technique, the invention had little use in that country. Rather than an alphabet, the Chinese used thousands of "symbols." That made for a pretty difficult job in sorting their "type."
1282 A.D. - Italy became the first European country to use watermarks. From the period between the 13th and 16th centuries, over 16,000 individual watermarks have been identified.
1298 A.D. - Marco Polo reported that during his trip to China, he witnessed the printing of paper money.
1309 A.D. - Paper was first used in England.
1403 A.D. - The Royal type foundry in Korea produced the first movable type in that country. The Koreans found the process very practical and used it extensively. It was more practical for them than the Chinese because they had less than 100 characters in their alphabet.
1423 A.D. - The earliest dated European woodblock print. It shows St. Christopher bearing the infant Christ.
1454 A.D. - The earliest and first dated document printed from movable type in Europe. It is a 30-line indulgence granted by Pope Nicolaus V to those who donated money for the struggle against the Turks. This is attributed to Gutenberg.
1455 A.D. - The 42-line Bible known as The Gutenberg Bible was completed by Fust and Schoeffer. This was the first major effort in Europe using movable type. Gutenberg started the work, then lost his company when he was unable to pay loans made by Fust.
1462 A.D. - The first printer’s mark or "device" was used by Fust and Schoeffer of Mainz, Germany. This printer’s mark is now the official logo of the International Association of Printing House Craftsmen, or the Craftsmen’s Club.
1469 A.D. - The first use of Roman type in printing.
1477 A.D. - William Caxton brought the art of printing to England.
1501 A.D. - Aldus Manutius introduced his famous series of classics. It was in these that the italic form of type was first used. These were history’s first "pocket books."
1540 A.D. - The first printing was done in North America when Juan Pablos printed Manuel de Aldutos. Pablos is believed to have printed an earlier book but no trace of it has turned up.
1563 A.D. - By Letters of Patent of Charles IX of France, it was forbidden for any French printer to print without permission under penalty of being hanged or strangled. More than one printer found himself at the end of a noose for the violation of this law.
1639 A.D. - Elizabeth Glover set up the first printing plant in the Colonies. Her pressman, Stephen Daye (or possibly Daye’s son, Matthew) printed the first book in the Colonies, when the Cambridge (Mass.) Press printed The Whole Booke of Psalmes, more commonly known as TheBay Psalm Book. Only five copies are known to exist.
1655 A.D. - The first true English language newspaper, and the oldest existing newspaper, The London Gazette was published. The first 23 issues were called The Oxford Gazette. After the plague, when the Crown moved back to London from Oxford, the newspaper moved also.
1702 A.D. - History’s first daily newspaper was established when Elizabeth Mallett issued The Daily Courant in England.
1711 A.D. - Addison and Steele first issued The Spectator, considered to be one of journalism’s finest accomplishments.
1724 A.D. - Benjamin Franklin arrived in London and obtained employment as a printer’s apprentice in the shop of Samuel Palmer.
1731 A.D. - Edward Cave brought out his highly successful periodical, The Gentleman’s Magazine. This was the first publication to use the name "magazine" in its title.
1768 A.D. - Abel Buell was the first to cut and cast type in the American Colonies.
1769 A.D. - The first printing press made by an American craftsman was the work of Isaac Doolittle, a clock and watchmaker.
1794-98? A.D. - Aloys Senefelder invented the planographic method of printing known as lithography.
1812 A.D. - Konig built the first automatic printing press and installed it in the offices of The London Times.
c1815 A.D. - Samuel Bangs first set up his printing press on Galveston Island - making him the first printer in Texas. He was captured by the Mexicans and sent to Mexico City where he became that country’s public printer.
1824 A.D. - William Pickering introduced his "Diamond Classics," the first books to be bound in bookcloth. Prior to this time, if you purchased a book from a printer, you got the folded signatures wrapped in paper. You would take these to your favorite bookbinder for binding.
1833 A.D. - The first mass produced newspaper in America, The New York Sun, was issued. The publication sold for one penny, and thus the name, "the penny press."
1880 A.D. - Stephen Horgan printed the famous illustration "Shantytown" in the New York Daily Graphic. This was the first halftone photograph printed.
1952 A.D. - With the printing of The Wonderful World of Insects, electronics had at last come to the printing plant. This book was the first work which used the phototype process to commercially set type.
1961 A.D. - The introduction of the first Xerox machine.
1980 A.D. - The first operating 15th century style printing plant and type foundry on the North American continent opened at a Texas renaissance theme park by this author as an educational exhibit. That press and type foundry is now on display at the Kwik Kopy (ICED) world headquarters in Cypress, Texas.
1980 A.D. - The advent of the Internet.
5,000 B.C. - The earliest Babylonian writings appeared.
3,500 B.C. - Papyrus came into use as a writing surface.
3,000 B.C. - Clay stamps were used to validate written messages. Clay tablets were also used as a writing surface.
750 B.C. - Greek inscriptions were carved into stone slabs with a hammer and chisel.
200 B.C. - A method of refining parchment from sheepskin was discovered - supposedly by the King of Pergamum. The name "parchment" is derived from "Pergamum."
105 A.D. - Ts’ai Lun, a Chinese monk, announced the invention of paper to Emperor Chien Ch’u. The first paper was made from mulberry and other barks, fish nets, hemp and rags.
400 A.D. - True ink was invented from lamp-black and used in China for brush writing and later for woodblock printing.
450 A.D. - Seals were printed with true ink. This was the first instance of actual printing with an incised stamp upon paper.
650 A.D. - The Chinese Buddhist monks first experimented with the duplication of images by rubbings, charm blocks and stencils. This was the forerunner of the true block printing of the 9th century.
868 A.D. - The Diamond Sutra, the first printed book, was printed. It is a roll sixteen feet in length and was the original form of Chinese book printing.
1035 A.D. - Waste paper was first repulped and used as a material for papermaking. The birth of recycling.
1041 A.D. - Movable type was invented in China by Pi Sheng, but because the Chinese characters did not lend themselves to the technique, the invention had little use in that country. Rather than an alphabet, the Chinese used thousands of "symbols." That made for a pretty difficult job in sorting their "type."
1282 A.D. - Italy became the first European country to use watermarks. From the period between the 13th and 16th centuries, over 16,000 individual watermarks have been identified.
1298 A.D. - Marco Polo reported that during his trip to China, he witnessed the printing of paper money.
1309 A.D. - Paper was first used in England.
1403 A.D. - The Royal type foundry in Korea produced the first movable type in that country. The Koreans found the process very practical and used it extensively. It was more practical for them than the Chinese because they had less than 100 characters in their alphabet.
1423 A.D. - The earliest dated European woodblock print. It shows St. Christopher bearing the infant Christ.
1454 A.D. - The earliest and first dated document printed from movable type in Europe. It is a 30-line indulgence granted by Pope Nicolaus V to those who donated money for the struggle against the Turks. This is attributed to Gutenberg.
1455 A.D. - The 42-line Bible known as The Gutenberg Bible was completed by Fust and Schoeffer. This was the first major effort in Europe using movable type. Gutenberg started the work, then lost his company when he was unable to pay loans made by Fust.
1462 A.D. - The first printer’s mark or "device" was used by Fust and Schoeffer of Mainz, Germany. This printer’s mark is now the official logo of the International Association of Printing House Craftsmen, or the Craftsmen’s Club.
1469 A.D. - The first use of Roman type in printing.
1477 A.D. - William Caxton brought the art of printing to England.
1501 A.D. - Aldus Manutius introduced his famous series of classics. It was in these that the italic form of type was first used. These were history’s first "pocket books."
1540 A.D. - The first printing was done in North America when Juan Pablos printed Manuel de Aldutos. Pablos is believed to have printed an earlier book but no trace of it has turned up.
1563 A.D. - By Letters of Patent of Charles IX of France, it was forbidden for any French printer to print without permission under penalty of being hanged or strangled. More than one printer found himself at the end of a noose for the violation of this law.
1639 A.D. - Elizabeth Glover set up the first printing plant in the Colonies. Her pressman, Stephen Daye (or possibly Daye’s son, Matthew) printed the first book in the Colonies, when the Cambridge (Mass.) Press printed The Whole Booke of Psalmes, more commonly known as TheBay Psalm Book. Only five copies are known to exist.
1655 A.D. - The first true English language newspaper, and the oldest existing newspaper, The London Gazette was published. The first 23 issues were called The Oxford Gazette. After the plague, when the Crown moved back to London from Oxford, the newspaper moved also.
1702 A.D. - History’s first daily newspaper was established when Elizabeth Mallett issued The Daily Courant in England.
1711 A.D. - Addison and Steele first issued The Spectator, considered to be one of journalism’s finest accomplishments.
1724 A.D. - Benjamin Franklin arrived in London and obtained employment as a printer’s apprentice in the shop of Samuel Palmer.
1731 A.D. - Edward Cave brought out his highly successful periodical, The Gentleman’s Magazine. This was the first publication to use the name "magazine" in its title.
1768 A.D. - Abel Buell was the first to cut and cast type in the American Colonies.
1769 A.D. - The first printing press made by an American craftsman was the work of Isaac Doolittle, a clock and watchmaker.
1794-98? A.D. - Aloys Senefelder invented the planographic method of printing known as lithography.
1812 A.D. - Konig built the first automatic printing press and installed it in the offices of The London Times.
c1815 A.D. - Samuel Bangs first set up his printing press on Galveston Island - making him the first printer in Texas. He was captured by the Mexicans and sent to Mexico City where he became that country’s public printer.
1824 A.D. - William Pickering introduced his "Diamond Classics," the first books to be bound in bookcloth. Prior to this time, if you purchased a book from a printer, you got the folded signatures wrapped in paper. You would take these to your favorite bookbinder for binding.
1833 A.D. - The first mass produced newspaper in America, The New York Sun, was issued. The publication sold for one penny, and thus the name, "the penny press."
1880 A.D. - Stephen Horgan printed the famous illustration "Shantytown" in the New York Daily Graphic. This was the first halftone photograph printed.
1952 A.D. - With the printing of The Wonderful World of Insects, electronics had at last come to the printing plant. This book was the first work which used the phototype process to commercially set type.
1961 A.D. - The introduction of the first Xerox machine.
1980 A.D. - The first operating 15th century style printing plant and type foundry on the North American continent opened at a Texas renaissance theme park by this author as an educational exhibit. That press and type foundry is now on display at the Kwik Kopy (ICED) world headquarters in Cypress, Texas.
1980 A.D. - The advent of the Internet.
Printing process timeline
The earliest dated printed book known is the "Diamond Sutra", printed in China in 868 CE. However, it is suspected that book printing may have occurred long before this date.
Before Gutenberg, printing was limited in the number of editions made and nearly exclusively decorative, used for pictures and designs. The material to be printed was carved into wood, stone, and metal, rolled with ink or paint and transferred by pressure to parchment or vellum. Books were hand copied mostly by members of religious orders.
Johannes Gutenberg
Printing Processes
Linotype & Ottmar Mergenthaler
Before Gutenberg, printing was limited in the number of editions made and nearly exclusively decorative, used for pictures and designs. The material to be printed was carved into wood, stone, and metal, rolled with ink or paint and transferred by pressure to parchment or vellum. Books were hand copied mostly by members of religious orders.
Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gutenberg was a German craftsman and inventor. Gutenberg is best known for the Gutenberg press, an innovative printing press machine that used movable type. It remained the standard until the 20th century. Gutenberg made printing cheap.
Printing Processes
Linotype & Ottmar Mergenthaler
Ottmar Mergenthaler's invention of the linotype composing machine in 1886 is regarded as the greatest advance in printing since the development of moveable type 400 years earlier.
Teletypesetter
Teletypesetter
Teletypesetter, device for setting type by telegraph developed by F.E. Gannett of Rochester, N.Y., W.W. Morey of East Orange, N.J., and Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Company, Chicago, Ill. The first demo of Walter Morey's "Teletypesetter" took place in Rochester, New york in 1928.
Phototypesetting
Phototypesetting
Louis Marius Moyroud and Rene Alphonse Higonnet developed the first practical phototypesettingmachine. The phototypesetter that used a strobe light and a series of optics to project characters from a spinning disk onto photographic paper.
Silk Screening or Serigraphy
Silk Screening or Serigraphy
In 1907, Samuel Simon of Manchester England was awarded a patent for the process of using silk fabric as a printing screen. Using materials other than silk for screen printing has a long history that begins with the ancient art of stenciling used by the Egyptians and Greeks as early as 2500 B.C. A few years after Simon's patent, John Pilsworth of San Francisco developed a multicolor process of silk screening called screen printing. The term "Serigraphy", comes from the Latin word "Seri" (silk) and the Greek word "graphein" (to write or draw).
All information found from http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/printing.htm
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